The International Dyslexia Association defines dyslexia as a specific learning disability that is neurobiological in origin. It is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities. These difficulties typically result from a deficit in the phonological component of language that is often unexpected in relation to other cognitive abilities and the provision of effective classroom instruction. Secondary consequences may include problems in reading comprehension and reduced reading experience that can impede growth of vocabulary and background knowledge.
Orton-Gillingham Approach
The Orton-Gillingham (OG) approach to teaching reading and spelling is a research-based, effective way of teaching. It is an approach to teaching not a specific program, although many programs have been developed based off of it.
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The Orton-Gillingham Approach is based on the following principles.
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Multisensory. OG uses all learning pathways (visual, auditory, and kinesthetic) to enhance memory and learning.
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Structured, Sequential, Systematic, and Cumulative. Like building blocks, concepts are taught in a sequence that begins with the foundational concepts of language and moves toward the more complex, abstract concepts. Instruction proceeds one step at a time, while continuously spiraling back to what was previously learned.
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Cognitive. Instead of rote memorization, OG teaches kids to use their "thinking brains" to solve the difficulties with language. Students understand the "whys" of what they are doing and learning.
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Synthetic & Analytic. OG instruction breaks down reading and spelling from part to whole (letters/sounds to words) and whole to part (words to letters/sounds).
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Repetitive. Practice, practice, practice. OG instruction gives lots of opportunity to practice what is learned to help build automaticity.
Direct & Explicit. Students are actively involved in instruction. They are taught concepts and given time to practice them to check their understanding. Throughout an OG lesson, feedback is continual and specific.
Diagnostic & Prescriptive. In an OG lesson, a student's progress and understanding is continuously monitored. The next lesson is planned based on the student's performance on the previous lesson.
Emotionally Sound. Through OG instruction, students receive a lot of success. This helps them build both confidence and mastery in their reading and spelling.
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International Dyslexia Association
